Systemic Manifestations, Tooth Eruption and Enamel Defects in Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: 36-Month Follow-up Case Series

Abstract Objective: To describe systemic manifestations, the characteristics related to tooth eruption, and the occurrence of enamel defects in children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS). Material and Methods: Prospective case series based on nine children with confirmed CZS diagnosis assisted at a reference center in a municipality in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Through a structured interview directed to mothers, information related to prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods was collected. Tooth eruption was monitored through clinical examinations for 36 months. The modified developmental defect of enamel index (DDE) was used to identify opacities and hypoplasia. Data were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: A high proportion (77.8%) had microcephaly, and 55.5% had low birth weight. Musculoskeletal disorders, swallowing difficulty, and self-injury practices were present in all children. Among the systemic findings, visual impairment (77.8%) and seizures (77.8%) were widely reported. Concerning disorders related to the stomatognathic system, bruxism (66.7%) and difficulty in sucking (33.3%) were present. For most children (77.8%), the deciduous right lower central incisor was the first tooth to erupt (minimum 8 months and maximum 17 months). Enamel defects were diagnosed in only two children (22.2%). Conclusion: A wide range of systemic manifestations was observed in children with CZS, including visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders. Delayed eruption of the first deciduous tooth was also observed. Enamel defects were present in a small proportion of children.

Breastfeeding Behavior in Brazilian Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) is a condition that has emerged only recently, bringing together multiple changes, including significant changes in the stomatognathic system, which may compromise sucking behavior and consequently the breastfeeding practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the breastfeeding behaviors in children with CZS. A longitudinal study was carried out in two reference centers in Northeastern Brazil. The nonprobabilistic sample consisted of 79 children diagnosed with physical, neurological, and behavioral alterations compatible with CZS. Information regarding the child, nutritive, and nonnutritive sucking behavior and changes related to the sucking reflex was collected. Data were presented through descriptive and inferential statistics. In the bivariate analyses, the chi-squared test was used and 5% significance level was adopted. The majority of children had severe microcephaly (59.7%). Breastfeeding was performed at birth in most of CZS children (89.9%) but only 36.6% of them presented exclusive breastfeeding in the six months of life. Bottle feeding and pacifier were used in 89.9% and 55.7%, respectively. Sucking and swallowing difficulties and occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux were observed in 27.8%, 48.0%, and 29.2% of children, respectively. Early weaning was associated with bottle feeding (p=0.005) and pacifier sucking (p=0.003). Although breastfeeding practice at birth constitutes a behavior adopted by most of mothers, adherence to this exclusive habit until the first six months of life was low since the children presenting a large number of comorbidities with direct interference in the suction reflex, sucking, and swallowing difficulty.

Use of Medicines by Infants with Microcephaly Caused by Congenital Zika Virus Infection and Implications to Oral Health

Abstract Objective: To analyze the use of continued-use medications by Brazilian children with microcephaly caused by Congenital Zika Virus Infection. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 76 children of both genders. Information on age, use of continued-use medications, number and type of drugs used was collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Continued-use medications were used by 89.4% of the children, anticonvulsants / antiepileptics (88.1%), and those indicated for behavioral disorders (27.1%) were the most frequent. Sodium saccharin, sucrose, and sorbitol are the most common sugars in the composition of these drugs. Conclusion: The use of medicines is high, predominantly anticonvulsants and antiepileptics, which contain sugars in their composition. These drugs can lead to irreversible dental problems, such as tooth decay if proper oral hygiene is not present. Therefore, parents/guardians should be advised about adopting healthy oral hygiene habits after the administration of these drugs.

Teething symptoms in children with congenital Zika syndrome: A 2-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The eruption of primary teeth represents a stage of many challenges for parents. AIM: To investigate the occurrence of signs and symptoms related to the eruption of the primary dentition in children with congenital Zika syndrome. DESIGN: Longitudinal study developed with 79 children followed up for a period of 24 months. Data on sex, gestational age, low birthweight, microcephaly, signs and symptoms related to the dental eruption phase, and use and type of medication were collected. Data were presented by descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test). RESULTS: The majority (94.9%) exhibited simultaneously two or more signs and symptoms related to dental eruption. Increased salivation (91.1%), irritability (86.1%), and gingival itching (83.5%) were the most commonly reported signs and symptoms. Bivariate analysis showed association between elevation of body temperature and sex (P < 0.05). Almost two-thirds of mothers (63.3%) reported using medication to relieve symptoms presented by the child; however, the use of topical medication prevailed (57.1%). CONCLUSION: All children with congenital Zika syndrome presented manifestations related to the eruption of primary teeth, with increased salivation, irritability, and gingival pruritus. The use of ointments and gels was the option of mothers in the treatment of the oral discomfort presented by infants.

Chronology of the First Deciduous Tooth Eruption in Brazilian Children with Microcephaly Associated with Zika Virus: A Longitudinal Study

Objective: To analyze the chronology of first deciduous tooth eruption in children with microcephaly associated with presumed or confirmed Zika virus. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study was developed with 74 children of both sexes. Data on prematurity, gestational age (in weeks), anthropometric characteristics at birth [length (cm), weight (g) and cephalic perimeter (cm)] and dental eruption (chronological age and corrected age for prematurity in months) were collected and presented through descriptive statistics. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: The majority of children were female (54.1%) and 14.9% were born premature. The mean gestational age was 38.2 (± 1.9) weeks, while length, weight and cephalic perimeter at birth were 45.6 (± 3.1) cm, 2750 (± 526.6) and 30 (± 2.3) cm, respectively. The eruption of the first tooth occurred on average at 12.3 (± 3.0) months of chronological age and at 11.1 (± 2.3) months of corrected age. The first erupted teeth were the lower deciduous central incisors (82.4%). The mean age for dental eruption in males was 12.5 months (± 3.0) and in females 12.0 months (± 3.1) among full-term children. For premature infants, the mean corrected age of dental eruption was 11.5 months (± 3.4) for boys and 11 months (± 1.7) for girls. Conclusion: In this group of children with microcephaly, the first tooth to erupt was the lower central incisor around the first year of life. Girls had lower average eruption time when compared to boys in both chronological age and age corrected for prematurity.

Oral health habits, prevalence of dental caries and dental erosion in adolescents / Hábitos de higiene oral, prevalência de cárie e erosão dentária em adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective To assess oral hygiene habits, and prevalence of dental caries and erosion in adolescents of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study with random cluster sampling involving 201 15-year-old schoolchildren. Oral health habits were obtained through questionnaire, and socioeconomic data, by means of interviews. The DMFT index was adopted to determine the prevalence of caries and that proposed by O'Sullivan, to assess dental erosion. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18. A 5% significance level was adopted. Results All subjects reported using toothbrush and toothpaste, 50.7% reported dental flossing, and association was found between sex and use of mouthwash (p <0.05). Regarding dental caries, the mean DMFT was 3.67 and 51.7% had DMFT lower than or equal to 3. For dental erosion, 18.4% of the sample had erosive lesions, predominantly enamel lesions (92%). Conclusion The use of dental floss was low and adolescents revealed unsatisfactory index. The DMF-T value was moderate and lower than that reported for the Brazilian age group. The prevalence of dental erosion was high, with predominance of enamel lesions.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os hábitos de higiene oral, assim como a prevalência de cárie e erosão dentária em adolescentes em Campina Grande, Paraíba. Métodos Estudo transversal, com amostragem probabilística por conglomerado, envolvendo 201 escolares de 15 anos. Os hábitos de higiene oral foram obtidos por meio de questionário, e os dados socioeconômicos por entrevista. Adotou-se o índice CPO-D (Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados) para determinação da prevalência de cárie e o proposto por O'Sullivan, para avaliação da erosão dentária. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 18. Adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Todos os adolescentes relataram o uso de escova dental e dentifrício, 50,7% reportaram o uso do fio dental, sendo verificada associação entre o sexo e uso de enxaguatório bucal (p<0,05). Em relação à cárie, o CPO-D médio foi de 3,67 e 51,7% possuíam CPO-D inferior ou igual a 3. No tocante à erosão dentária 18,4% da amostra apresentava lesão erosiva, predominando lesões em esmalte (92%). Conclusão O uso do fio dental foi baixo e os adolescentes revelaram possuir índice insatisfatório. O CPO-D foi moderado e abaixo do relatado para a faixa etária brasileira. A prevalência de erosão dentária foi elevada, com lesões predominantes em esmalte.

Relationship between Risk Behavior for Eating Disorders and Dental Caries and Dental Erosion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between risk behavior for eating disorders (EDs) and dental erosion and caries. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted in Brazil, involving 850 randomly selected female adolescents. After evaluating risk behavior for eating disorders through the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, 12 adolescents were identified with severe risk behavior for EDs and matched to 48 adolescents without such risk. Dental examinations, anthropometric measurements, and eating habits and oral hygiene were performed. Adolescents with high severity eating disorder condition were not more likely to show dental caries (p = 0.329; OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 0.35-13.72) or dental erosion (p = 0.590; OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 0.56-9.70). Adolescents with high body mass index (BMI) were five times more likely to have high severity eating disorder condition (p = 0.031; OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 1.61-23.07). Therefore, high severity risk behavior for EDs was not significantly associated with dental caries and dental erosion. However, high BMI was a risk factor for developing eating disorders and should be an alert for individuals with this condition.

Assessment of Oral Hygiene Level and Periodontal Condition in Brazilian Adolescents

Objective: To evaluate the oral hygiene level and periodontal condition of adolescents aged 15-19 years and socioeconomic factors. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 630 adolescents from public schools randomly selected in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil. For data collection, a form containing socioeconomic variables and those related to oral hygiene was used. The oral hygiene level was measured through the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and periodontal condition was evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Data were descriptively and inferentially analyzed using the chi-square test, adopting significance level of 5%. Results: Adolescents were mostly females (59.5%), aged 16 years (32.4%), non-white (77.8%), with family income lower than US $ 612.00 (55.1%), with parental schooling of up to high school (50%). Periodontal condition showed no significant association with any of the socioeconomic factors (p> 0.05). All participants reported using toothbrush; however, the control of interproximal plaque with flossing was reported by only 44.1%, being higher among females (p = 0.028), and its use has been associated with periodontal status (p = 0.026). The oral hygiene level was satisfactory for 59.7% of adolescents, while CPI showed that only 1.6% of them had healthy periodontium and gingival bleeding (34.4%) and presence of dental calculus (37, 8%) were the most prevalent alterations. Conclusion: Adolescents showed satisfactory oral hygiene condition; however, there was a high prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus. Periodontal condition was associated with flossing; however, association with socioeconomic factors was not observed.

Hábitos de Higiene Bucal e Condição Periodontal de Escolares Adolescentes / Oral Hygiene Habits and Periodontal Status of Adolescent Students

Avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal e a condição periodontalde escolares adolescentes do município de Campina Grande – PB.Material e Métodos: Pesquisa transversal, quantitativa e descritiva,sendo a amostra probabilística composta por 201 adolescentes com15 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados através de um formuláriocontendo informações sobre hábitos de higiene bucal e do exameclínico odontológico, cujos parâmetros utilizados foram o ÍndicePeriodontal Comunitário (CPI) e o Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado(IHO-S). Os dados coletados foram tabulados (dupla digitação) comauxílio do software SPSS® (StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences– versão 18.0) e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva(distribuições absolutas e percentuais). Resultados: Todos osadolescentes faziam uso da escova dental, 91,5% escovando de 2 a4 vezes ao dia, porém, 49,3% dos indivíduos não fazia uso de fiodental, e 33,8% relataram utilizar enxaguatório bucal. Apesar de teremapresentado IHO-S satisfatório (55,2%), 97% dos pesquisadospossuíam alguma alteração periodontal, sendo o sangramento a maisprevalente (85,6%), seguido do cálculo dental (42,8%). Conclusão: Ébaixa a utilização do fio dental e de enxaguatórios pelos adolescentes,sendo o sangramento gengival a alteração periodontal predominante,apesar de a maioria dos participantes, de acordo com o IHO-S, terapresentado um grau de higiene oral satisfatório...

To assess the oral hygiene and periodontal condition ofadolescent students in the city of Campina Grande, PB. Material andMethods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative and descriptivestudy, with a probability sample of 201 15-year-old adolescents. Datawere collected through a form containing information on oral hygieneand dental examination. The parameters assessed were theCommunity Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Simplified Oral HygieneIndex (OHI-S). The data were tabulated (double entry) using the SPSSsoftware (Statistical Package for Social Sciences - version 18.0) andanalyzed using descriptive statistics (absolute and percentagedistributions). Results: All adolescents made regular use of toothbrush,with 91.5% of them brushing 2 to 4 times a day. A total of 49.3% ofthem did not use dental floss, and 33.8% reported using mouthwash.Although participants presented satisfactory OHI-S value (55.2%),97% of them showed some periodontal issues, with bleeding being themost prevalent one (85.6%) followed by dental calculus (42.8%).Conclusion: The use of dental floss and mouthwash by adolescentswas found to be low. Gingival bleeding was the predominant periodontalissue, although most participants presented a satisfactory degree oforal hygiene based on their OHI-S...

Association between dental erosion and diet in Brazilian adolescents aged from 15 to 19: a population-based study.

Dental erosion is a pathological condition resulting from the irreversible dissolution of the mineralized portion of the teeth, being recognized in modern society as an important cause of loss of tooth structure. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and its association with diet in Brazilian adolescents of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. A population-based study was conducted on a stratified sample of 675 adolescents aged from 15 to 19 of both sexes using the index proposed by O'Sullivan. Dental examinations were performed by two calibrated dentists (kappa = 0.82). The significance level adopted was 5%. The prevalence of dental erosion was 21%, and the upper central incisors and lateral incisors were the most affected elements, with 50.5% and 40.2%, respectively. The buccal surface showed greater impairment (51.4%) and 67.8% of teeth with dental erosion had more than half of the surface of affected area. Most damage was on the enamel (93.5%). There were no statistically significant differences between the occurrence of dental erosion and gender, age, socioeconomic status, self-reported ethnicity, and diet. There was high prevalence of dental erosion in its early stages among adolescents and there were no significant differences in the frequency of the consumption of foods and beverages and the presence of dental erosion.

Caracterização metodológica dos estudos in situ sobre erosão dentária: uma abordagem atual / Methodological characterization of in situ studies on dental erosion: a current approach

Objetivo: Caracterizar a metodologia dos estudos in situ sobre erosão dentária. Material e Métodos: Executou-seuma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Scopus ePubMed, utilizando-se o descritor “tooth erosion”, o termo“in situ” e o operador booleano “AND”. O instrumento de pesquisa compreendeu um formulário, contendo as seguintes variáveis: autor, país da realização da pesquisa, ano de publicação, tipo de esterilização dos espécimes; preparo prévio da superfície dentária; análise do desgaste dentário;origem, tecido e elemento dentário; dentição; substância, pHe quantidade da solução desmineralizadora/quelante;duração do desafio erosivo; número de voluntários e tempo do estudo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 26 manuscritos.Verificou-se que o material biológico mais utilizado foi o de origem humana (69,23%), sendo que 100% utilizaram o esmalte. A esterilização foi realizada preferencialmente comóxido de etileno (26,9%). Imersões em 150ml, refrigerante comum, 4x/dia e 5min foram as escolhas mais executadas para o desafio erosivo. O ph das soluções variou de 1,0 a3,8. Observaram-se práticas preventivas através de substâncias fluoretadas ou presença da película adquirida na superfície dos espécimes em 80,76% dos artigos. Aperfilometria e o teste de microdureza Knoop foram os mais utilizados para avaliar a erosão dentária. Conclusão: Ametodologia mais aplicada consistiu de dentes humanos esterilizados com óxido de etileno expostos a refrigerantes,sendo avaliados pelos testes de perfilometria e microdureza.

Objective: To characterize the methodology of in situ studies on dental erosion. Material and Methods: Literature searcheswere carried out in the databases Scopus and PubMed, usingthe descriptor “tooth erosion”, the term “in situ” and the Boolean operator “AND”. The survey instrument consistedof a form containing the following variables: author, countrywhere the research was performed, publication year, typeof sterilization of the specimens; prior preparation of thetooth surface; analysis of tooth wear; origin, tissue and typeof tooth; dentition; substance, pH and quantity of the demineralization/chelating solution; duration of the erosive challenge; number of volunteers and study length. Results:A total of 26 manuscripts were selected. The biological materialmostly used was of human origin (69.23%), of which 100%corresponded to enamel. Teeth sterilization was carried out preferably with ethylene oxide (26.9%). The immersion in150ml, soft drink, 4 times/day and 5min were the most frequent choices for the erosive challenging. The pH values ranged from 1.0 to 3.8. Preventive measures by the use of fluoridesor presence of acquired pellicle on the specimens’ surfacewere observed in 80.76% of the articles. Profilometry andmicrohardness were the most commonly used tests to assessdental erosion. Conclusion: The most applied methodologyconsisted of human teeth sterilized with ethylene oxideexposed to soft drinks, evaluated by means of profilometryand microhardness tests.

Traumatismos maxilofaciais em crianças e adolescentes em Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil / Maxillofacial traumatisms in children and adolescents in Campina Grande, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar os traumatismos maxilofaciais em crianças e adolescentes no município de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal com dados secundários, sendo a amostra composta por 941 prontuários de pacientes com idades entre 1 a 18 anos portadores de trauma facial atendidos no período de junho de 2007 a junho de 2009 em dois centros de trauma do município. As variáveis estudadas compreenderam: sexo, idade, etiologia, existência de fratura facial, osso acometido e trauma dentário. A análise estatística foi utilizou os testes do Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher com nível de significância de 5% (p menor que 0,05). O odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% foi calculado (IC 95%). Todas as análises foram feitas com o software Epi Info 3.5. Resultados: A razão entre os sexos masculino e feminino foi de 2:1 e a faixa etária de maior acometimento foi a de 1 a 4 anos (28,5%). As quedas (40,6%) e os acidentes de transporte terrestre (20,1%) foram os agentes etiológicos mais prevalentes. Observou-se associação entre o sexo e a ocorrência de acidente de transporte (p=0,001; OR=1,85 [1,28-2,69]. Fraturas faciais foram verificadas em 15,8% das vítimas, existindo associação entre o sexo e a ocorrência de fratura facial (P=0,047; OR=1,5 [1,02-2,25]), predominando os ossos nasais (31,5%) e o zigomático (22,8%). Traumatismo dentário foi identificado em 10,2% das vítimas, não existindo diferença estatística entre o sexo e a presença de trauma dentário (P=0,356). Conclusão: Crianças de baixa idade são as vítimas mais comuns de traumatismos maxilofaciais, com a maioria dos casos ocorrendo nos finais de semana e as quedas e os acidentes de transporte terrestre constituindo-se nos principais agentes etiológicos.

Objective: To evaluate the maxillofacial traumatisms in children and adolescents in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Method: This investigation was a cross-sectional study with secondary data and sample composed of 941 charts of 1-18-year-old patients with facial trauma treated between June 2007 and June 2009 at two trauma centers. The studied variables were: sex, age, etiology, existence de facial fracture, affected bone and dental trauma. Comparisons of data were evaluated statistically using the Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests at a significance level of 5% (p less than 0.05). Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals to 95% were calculated (CI 95%). They were calculated using the Epi Info Software. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 2:1 and the 1-4-year-old age group was the most affected (28.5%). Falls (40.6%) and road transport accidents (20.1%) were the most prevalent etiologic agents. There was association between sex and occurrence of transport accident (p=0.001; OR=1.85 [1.28-2.69]). Facial fractures were verified in 15.8% of the victims, existing an association between sex and occurrence of facial fracture (p=0.047; OR=1.5 [1.02-2.25]), with predominance of nasal bones (31.5%) and zygomatic bone (22.8%). Dental trauma was identified in 10.2% of the victims, with no statistically significant difference between sex and the presence of dental trauma (p=0.356). Conclusion: Children at early age are the most frequent victims of maxillofacial traumatisms, with most cases occurring during weekends, and falls and road transport accidents being the main etiological agents.

Prevalência de mordida cruzada anterior e posterior em estudantes de 13 a 17 anos de idade da rede pública municipal de Campina Grande (PB) / Prevalence of anterior and posterior crossbite in 13-17-year-old schoolchildren attending municipal public schools in the city of Campina Grande (PB)

Introdução e objetivo: Este estudo transversal determinou a prevalência de mordida cruzada anterior e posterior em escolares com idade entre 13 e 17 anos. Material e métodos: A amostra do tipo probabilística compreendeu o exame de 434 escolares de 13 a 17 anos de idade, matriculados em 12 instituições de ensino. Dois pesquisadores calibrados (Kappa = 0,88) realizaram a coleta de dados. Foram registradas informações relativas a sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda familiar e tipo de mordida cruzada (anterior e posterior). Os dados foram apresentados por meio das frequências absolutas e percentuais. A análise inferencial utilizou o teste do qui-quadrado, sendo adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A maioria cursava o ensino fundamental (85,3%), possuía 13 anos de idade (41,0%) e renda familiar menor ou igual a um salário mínimo (50,7%). A mordida cruzada foi observada em 28,1% dos estudantes, e não se verificou diferença entre os sexos (P = 0,445). Com relação à distribuição segundo a idade, houve maior frequência de mordida cruzada nos escolares de 13 anos (39,3%), seguidos dos de 14 anos (32,0%). Não se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre a idade e a presença de mordida cruzada (P = 0,949). Com relação ao tipo desta, 45,9% possuíam mordida cruzada posterior unilateral, enquanto 34,4% apresentavam mordida cruzada anterior, não existindo diferença entre os sexos (P = 0,360). Conclusão: Averiguou-se elevada prevalência de mordida cruzada, predominando a mordida cruzada posterior unilateral.

Introduction and objective: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of anterior and posterior crossbite in 13-17-year-old schoolchildren. Material and methods: The probabilistic sample comprised the examination of 434 schoolchildren aged 13 to 17 years attending 12 teaching institutions in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Two calibrated researchers (Kappa = 0.88) collected data referring to gender, age, education level, family income and type of crossbite (anterior and posterior). Data were presented through absolute and percent frequencies. The inferential analysis used the chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. Results: Most students were attending elementary schools (85.3%), were aged 13 years (41.0%) and had a family income of 1 or less than 1 minimum wage (50.7%). Crossbite was observed in 28.1% of the students, with no statistically significant difference between genders (P = 0.445). Regarding the distribution according to the age, the highest crossbite frequency was verified among 13-year-old schoolchildren (39.3%), followed by 14-year-old (32.0%). There was no statistically significant difference between age and the presence of crossbite (P = 0.949). Regarding the type of crossbite, 45.9% presented unilateral posterior crossbite, while 34.4% presented anterior crossbite, with no statistically significant difference between genders (P = 0.360). Conclusion: There was high prevalence of crossbite, with predominance of unilateral posterior crossbite.